1887 Karl Marx
English Edition "Capital" $B!!(JTranslated by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling$B!$(JEdited by Friedrich Engels

Chapter 18

$B%+!<%k!&%^%k%/%9(J

$B;q(J $BK\(J $BO@(J


$BBh0l4,!!;qK\$N@8;:2aDx(J

$BBh8^JS!!(J$B@dBPE*(J$B>jM>2ACM$H(J$BAjBPE*(J$B>jM>2ACM$N@8;:(J


$BBh==H,>O(J $B>jM>2ACMN($K4X$9$k8x<0(J







$B!!(J $B!J(J1$B!K!!2f!9$O>jM>2ACMN($,

$B!!(J $B-5(J $B>jM>2ACM(J / $B2DJQ;qK\(J (s / v) = $B>jM>2ACM(J / $BO+F/NO$N2ACM(J
$B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J= $B>jM>O+F/(J / $BI,MWO+F/(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J2$B!K!!$3$l$i$N8x<0$N:G=i$NFs$D$O2ACM$NHfN($rI=$7!";0HVL\$N$b$N$O$=$l$i$N2ACM$N@8;:$KMW$9$k;~4V$NHfN($GI=$o$5$l$F$$$k!#$3$l$i$N8x<0$O!"8_$$$KJd40$7$"$$$D$D!"873J$KDj5A$5$l$F$*$j@53N$G$"$k!#=>$C$F!"2f!9$O8EE5@/<#7P:Q3X$K$*$$$F$b$3$l$i$N8x<0$,

$B!!(J $B-6(J $B>jM>O+F/(J / $BO+F/F|(J = $B>jM>2ACM(J / $B@8;:J*$N2ACM(J
$B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J= $B>jM>@8;:J*(J / $BA4@8;:J*(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J3$B!K!!$3$3$G$O!"0l$D$NF1$8HfN($,!"O+F/;~4V$NHfN(!"$=$l$i$NO+F/;~4V$,BN8=$5$l$F$$$k2ACM$NHfN(!"$=$7$F2ACM$,B8:_$9$k@8;:J*$NHfN($H$7$FI=$5$l$F$$$k!#L^O@$N$3$H!"J,Jl$N!V@8;:J*$N2ACM!W$O!"O+F/F|$K$*$$$F?7$?$KAOB$$5$l$?2ACM$N$_$r0UL#$9$k$3$H$OJ,$+$C$F$$$k$H$3$m$G!"@8;:J*$NITJQ;qK\ItJ,$N2ACM$OF~$i$J$$!#(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J4$B!K!!$3$l$i$N8x<0!J(J$B-6(J$B!K$NA4$F$K$*$$$F$O!"jM>2ACMN($H1>$C$?$b$N$,8m$C$?7A$GI=$5$l$F$$$k!#O+F/F|$,2>$K(J12$B;~4V$H$9$l$P!"A0

$B!!(J $B!!(J 6$B;~4V$N>jM>O+F/(J / 6$B;~4V$NI,MWO+F/(J =
$B!!(J $B!!(J 3$B%7%j%s%0$N>jM>2ACM(J / 3$B%7%j%s%0$N2DJQ;qK\(J = 100%

$B!!(J $B!J(J5$B!K!!8x<0!J(J$B-6(J$B!K$+$i$O!"2f!9$OHs>o$K0c$C$?7k2L$rF@$k!#(J

$B!!(J $B!!(J 6$B;~4V$N>jM>O+F/(J / 12$B;~4V$NO+F/F|(J =
$B!!(J $B!!(J 3$B%7%j%s%0$N>jM>2ACM(J / 6$B%7%j%s%0$NAOB$$5$l$?2ACM(J = 50%

$B!!(J $B!J(J6$B!K!!$3$l$i$N$4ET9gE*GI@88x<0$,I=$9$b$N$O!"@\I=$9$b$N$H$7$FjM>O+F/$^$?$O>jM>2ACM$O7h$7$F(J100%$B$KC#$9$k$3$H$,$J$$!#(J*1

$B!!(J $BK\J8Cm(J *1: $B$3$N$3$H$O!"$?$O$($P!V(J$B%m%I%Y%k%H%%%9$+$i%U%)%s(J.$B%-%k%R%^%s08$NBh;0=q4J(J $B%j%+!<%I3XGI$K$h$k?7COBeO@$N4pACE*M}O@$H$=$N3NN)$r$H8@$&@b$X$NH?O@(J$B!W(J($B%I%$%D8l(J) $B%Y%k%j%s(J1851$BG/(J $B$K=q$+$l$F$$$k!#$3$N=q4J$K$D$$$F$O8e$KN)$AJV$k$D$b$j$@$,!"4V0c$C$?COBeM}O@$K$b78$o$i$:!";qK\

$B!!(J ($BK\J8Cm(J*1$B$NB3$-(J) $B%I%$%D8lHGBh;0HG$KDI2C$5$l$?%N!<%H(J: $B$3$N$3$H$+$i$$$+$K%^%k%/%9$,H`$N@hGZ$?$A$r9%0UE*$KI>2A$7$F$$$k$+$h$/J,$+$k$G$"$m$&!#$=$l$i$NCf$K??$N?JJb$d?7$?$J$=$7$F@5$7$$35G0$r%^%k%/%9$,8+=P$7$?;~$O$$$D$G$b$=$&$J$N$G$"$k!#$=$N8e8x3+$5$l$?%m%I%Y%k%H%%%9$+$i%k%I%k%U(J.$B%^%$%d!<08$Ne$KG'$a$?$h$&$JE@$,$$$/$i$+$O8BDj$5$l$k$b$N$,=q$+$l$F$$$?!#$=$l$i$NO$,$"$k!#(J

$B!!(J ($BK\J8Cm(J*1$B$NB3$-(J2) $B!V;qK\$OO+F/$+$i5_$o$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$_$G$J$/!";qK\<+BN$+$i$b5_$o$l$M$P$J$i$J$$!#$=$7$F$=$l$O:G$b8z2LE*$K5_$o$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#9)6H;qK\2H$N9T0Y$,7P:QE*$+$D@/<#E*5!G=$H$7$Fl$KG$L?$5$l$F$$$k$C$F$b$$$$$H;W$&$,!"$=$l$OKI$.E]$5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#A4BNE*$K8+$F!"%^%k%/%9$NK\$O;qK\$KBP$9$k9M;!$G$"$k$h$j$b!"8=:_$N;qK\7A<0$KH?BP$9$kO@$G$"$j!"$=$l$H;qK\$H8@$&35G0$=$N$b$N$H$r:.F1$7$?;qK\7A<0$KH?BP$9$kO@$G$"$k!#!W(J($B!V%I%/%?!<(J. $B%m%I%Y%k%H%%%9$+$i%d%2%C%D%)%U$X$N=q4JB>(J $B%I%/%?!<(J. $B%k%I%k%U(J.$B%^%$%d!

$B!!(J ($BK\J8$KLa$k(J) $B>jM>O+F/$OC1$KO+F/F|$N3d$j@Z$l$kItJ,$J$N$@$+$i!"$^$?$O>jM>2ACM$OC1$KAOB$$5$l$?2ACM$N3d$j@Z$l$kItJ,$J$N$@$+$i!">jM>O+F/$OO+F/F|$h$j>o$KI,A3E*$K>/$J$/$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$^$?$O>jM>2ACM$O>o$KAOB$$5$l$?A42ACM$h$j$b>/$J$/$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$7$+$7$J$,$i(J 100 : 100$B$NHfN($rF@$k$?$a$K$O!"J,JlJ,;R$OEy$7$/$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#>jM>O+F/$,A4F|$r@j$a$k$J$i$P!"(J($B$$$+$J$k=5$^$?$OG/$NJ?6QF|$H$$$&$3$H$@$,(J) $BI,MWO+F/$O%<%m$K$^$GC#$7$M$P$J$i$J$$!#$7$+$7I,MWO+F/$,>C<:$9$l$P!">jM>O+F/$b$^$?>C<:$9$k!#$=$l$,M#0l$N8x<0$N5!G=$J$N$@$+$i!#HfN((J $B>jM>O+F/(J / $BO+F/F|(J $B$^$?$O>jM>2ACM(J / $BAOB$$5$l$?2ACM(J $B$O!"=>$C$F(J100 / 100$B$N8B3&$KE~C#$9$k$3$H$O$J$$!#$$$D$^$G$b(J (100+x) / 100 $B0J>e$h$j$O>/$J$$!#$7$+$7>jM>2ACMN($O$=$&$G$O$J$$!#e$2$l$P!"(JL. $B%I%%(J $B%i%Y%k%K%e$N7W;;$K$h$l$P!"1Q9q$NG@6HO+F/l

$B!!(J $BK\J8Cm(J *2:$B$3$N7W;;$G$O!"@8;:J*$N$&$A$NA0B_$7$7$?ITJQ;qK\ItJ,$rC1$KCV$-49$($kItJ,$K$D$$$F$OL^O@$N$3$H7W;;$K$OF~$C$F$$$J$$$,!"(JL. $B%I%%(J $B%i%Y%k%K%e;a!"LUL\E*$J1Q9q;?H~

$B!!(J ($BK\J8$KLa$k(J) $B$^$?$O$=$N(J3/4$B$N2ACM$r<}C%$9$k!#$=$N6/C%J*$r$5$i$K$=$N8e$$$+$K;qK\2H$HNN$NjM>O+F/$HH`$NI,MWO+F/$H$NHfN($O!"(J3 :1 $B$9$J$o$A!":q

$B!!(J $B!J(J7$B!K!!O+F/F|$NBg$-$5$,0lDj$G$"$k$+$N$h$&$Ko$K!">jM>O+F/$rM?$($i$l$?D9$5$NO+F/F|$HBPHf$5$;$?$$$+$i$G$"$k!#@8;:$5$l$?2ACM$N:FJ,G[$G$OB>$G$b$J$/$=$l$,A4It<+J,$N$b$N$G$"$k$H$9$k$N$KET9g$,$$$$!#$9$G$KM?$($i$l$?2ACM$G$"$k$H$3$m$NO+F/F|$OI,A3E*$KM?$($i$l$?D9$5$N0lF|$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(J($BLul$G9M$($k$3$H$,IT47$l$JO+F/jM>O+F/$r:n$j=P$7$F$$$k$N$@$+$i!"O+F/F|$K$OI,MWO+F/$b>jM>O+F/$b$J$/=c?hL59$$J0lDjD9$NO+F/F|$H?.$8$F5?$o$J$$!"$U$H$=$3$K5?Ld$,J($$$F$b!"NI?4$H$$$&$J$s$d$i$,aV$$$F$b$=$&;W$o$J$$$3$H$K$O!"$=$N=V4V$K<+J,$NC<:$9$k62I]$K8+Iq$o$l$k!#$3$N$3$H$rCN$l$PJ,$+$k$@$m$&!#B>?M$NO+F/$rEp$`=V4V$N2y:($OK\Ev$K?@$NH3$r

$B!!(J $B!J(J8$B!K!!>jM>2ACM5Z$SO+F/NO$N2ACM$rAOB$$5$l$?2ACM$N0lItJ,$H$7$FI=$9=,47$O!"!]$3$N=,47$O;qK\=QE*$J=,47$N;}$A9~$_F05!$O$$$:$l>-MhL@Gr$J$k$b$N$H$J$k$@$m$&!#!];qK\$NFC@-$=$N$b$N$G$"$k$&$l0c$&MWAG!"$=$N8x<0$KBP$9$k$=$l$>$l$N9W8%EY$H$$$&MWAG$K1~$8$FJ,$19g$&!#(J*3

$B!!(J $BK\J8Cm(J *3: $BA4$F$N$h$/H/C#$7$?;qK\e$GJQ49$9$k$3$H$[$IMF0W$J$b$N$OB>$K$O$J$$!#$=$l$,!"(JA. $B%I%%(J $B%i%\%k%I(J $B$N!V(J$B$"$i$f$k6(F1BN$N40A47A$K$*$1$k6(F1@:?@$K$D$$$F(J$B!W(J ($B%U%i%s%98l(J) $B%Q%j(J 1818$BG/(J $B$NCx:n$H$J$C$F$$$k!#(JH. $B%1%"%j!<(J $BKLJF?M(J($BLu

$B!!(J $B!J(J9$B!K!!$5$i$K1>$($P!"8x<0(J$B-6(J$B$O$$$D$G$b8x<0(J$B-5(J$B$K:FJQ49$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#Nc$($P!"2>$K!"2f!9$,

$B!!(J $B!!(J $B>jM>O+F/NO$H$7$F$N(J6$B;~4V(J / $BO+F/F|$J$k(J12$B;~4V(J

$B!!(J $B!!(J $BD>$0$K!"I,MWO+F/;~4V$,!"(J12$B;~4V$h$j>jM>O+F/$N(J6$B;~4V>/$J$3$H$,J,$+$k$N$G$"$k$+$i!"

$B!!(J $B!!(J $B>jM>O+F/(J 6$B;~4V(J / $BI,MWO+F/$N(J6$B;~4V(J = 100 / 100

$B!!(J $B!J(J10$B!K!!;d$,$9$G$KEY!9A0$K$be$2$?$h$&$K!"Bh;0$N8x<0$,B8:_$9$k!#$=$l$O!"(J

$B!!(J $B!!(J $B-7(J $B>jM>2ACM(J / $BO+F/NO$N2ACM(J = $B>jM>O+F/(J / $BI,MWO+F/(J
$B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J $B!!(J = $BITJ'$$O+F/(J / $B;YJ'$$O+F/(J

$B$G$"$k!#(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J11$B!K!!$3$N9M;!$N7k2L$rF@$l$P!"ITJ'$$O+F/(J / $B;YJ'$$O+F/(J $B$HL@5-$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"$b$O$d4V0c$o$l$k$3$H$O$J$/$J$k!#$"$?$+$b;qK\2H$,O+F/$K;YJ'$&$N$G$"$C$F!"O+F/NO$K;YJ'$&$N$G$O$J$$$H1>$&$h$&$J7kO@$K$O9T$-Ce$+$J$$!#$3$N8x<0$OC1$K0lHLE*$JI=8=$r$H$l$P!">jM>O+F/(J / $BI,MWO+F/(J $B$H$J$k!#(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J12$B!K!!;qK\2H$O!"$=$N2ACM$K2A3J$,0lCW$9$k8B$j$K$*$$$F!"O+F/NO$N2ACM$K;YJ'$&!#$=$7$F!"8r49$H1>$&7A$G@8$-$?O+F/NO$=$N$b$N$N<+M3=hJ,8"$rl$GJB$s$G$$$k@8;:J*$H$7$F$NO+F/NO$N2A3J$rjM>O+F/$N4|4V$G$O!"O+F/NO$N;HMQ8"$,;qK\2H$N$?$a$N2ACM$rAOB$$9$k!#;qK\2H$O$=$NEy2AJ,$r0lA,$bMW$5$:$K

$B!!(J $BK\J8Cm(J *4: $B=EG@jM>2ACM$NHkL)$K@Z$j9~$`$3$H$O$G$-$J$+$C$?$,!"$=$l$G$b$3$N$3$H$r$h$jA/L@$KGD0.$7$F$$$?!#$9$J$o$A!"!V(J$BH`(J($B=jM-$&FHN)$7$?=hJ,<+M3$NIY$G$"$k!#(J$B!W(J($B%U%i%s%98l(J) ($B%G%e%k%4!<(J $B!VIY$N7A@.$HJ,G[$K4X$9$k9M;!!W(J11$B%Z!<%8(J)

$B!!(J ($BK\J8$KLa$k(J) $B$3$NO+F/NO$N;Y=P$,H`$K$O$?$@$G$d$C$F$/$k!#$3$N$3$H$O!">jM>O+F/$,ITJ'$$O+F/$H8F$P$lF@$k$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k!#(J

$B!!(J $B!J(J13$B!K!!$G$"$k$+$i!";qK\$O!"%"%@%`(J $B%9%_%9$,1>$&$h$&$J!"O+F/$K4X$9$k;YG[8"$G$O$J$$$P$+$j$+!"$=$l$O!"ITJ'$$O+F/$K4X$9$kK\jM>2ACM$O!"$=$l$,$I$s$J$KFC=BN$K$J$C$F$$$h$&$H!"ITJ'$$O+F/$NJ*$J$i$J$$!#;qK\$N<+8J3HBg$H$$$&HkL)$OB>$NBg@*$N?M!9$NL@Gr$J$kITJ'$$O+F/NL$N;YG[$=$N$b$N$G$"$k$3$H$K$D$-$k!#(J







[$BBh==H,>O(J $B=*$j(J]