第三章 中国转轨的国内矛盾
表七:中国的通贷膨胀与失业率
年份 年均消费物价指数(%) 城市地区失业率(%) ─────────────────────────────
1985 21.5 15.1 ─────────────────────────────── |
来源:National Bureau of Statistics of China Statistical Yearbook 2002(Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2002); Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators 2002 (www.abd.org) and Asian Recovery Information Center Indicators 2003 (http://aric.adb.org).
表八:城市地区失业率: 年份 官方比率(%) 估计的实际比率(%)
─────────────────────────── |
(略)
注 1 Paul Bowles and Gordon White, “Contradictions in China’s Financial Reforms: The Relationship Between Banks and Enterprises,” Cambridge journal of Economics 13, no. 4 (December 1989): 485
注 2 ibid., 487
注 3 Oktay Yenal, “Chinese Reforms, Inflation and the Allocation of Investment in a Socialist Economy,” World Development 18, no.5(May 1990) 709
注 4 Bowles and White, “Contradictions in China’s Financial Reforms,”488
注 5 W.K.Lau, “The 15th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party Milestone in China’s Privatization,” Capital & Class, no. 68(Summer 1999) 54
注 6 Ibid.,78.
注 7 Cheng Yuk-shing, “Fleeing from the Asian Financial Crisis: China’s Economic Policy in 1997-2000, “China Report 38, no.2(2002) 265
注 8 Ibid.,265
注 9 Bowles and White, “Contradictions in China’s Financial Reforms,”488
注 10 Ibid., 485, 488.
注 11 John P.Bonin and Yiping Huang, “Dealing with the Bad Loans of The Chinese Banks, “Journal of Asian Economics 12, no. 2(Summer 2001): 198.
注 12 Ibid., 199-200.
注 13 Keirh Bradsher, “Another Asian Nation Battling a Crisis In Its Banking System.” New York Times. October 26, 2002, David Lague. “A Government Move to Clean Up Loans Backfies,” Far Eastern Economic Review, November 14, 2002.
注 14 Christopher Lingle, “China’s Economic Data Still Erratic.” Taipei Timer. March 10,2002
注 15 Andong Zhu, “Growth, Equity and State Enterprises: International and Chinese Perspectives,” paper presented at the Rethinking Marxism Conference, “Marxism and the World Stage,” Amherst, Massachusetts, November 6-8, 2003, 35
注 16 IHLO(International Hong Kong Liaison Office), “Official Jobless Rate in China,” Monthly News Bulletin, November 18, 2002, hcrp //www.ihlo.org/item/itemlu.htm.
注 17 Ching Kwan Lee, “From Organized Dependence to Disorganized Despotism: Changing Labor Regimes in Chinese Factories,” China Quarterly, no. 157 (March 1999): 55-56.
注 18 Raymond Lau, “Economic Determination in the last Instance: China’s Political-Economic Development Under the Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis,” Historical Materialism, no. 8 (Summer 2001) 233.
注 19 Eva Cheng, “China: Is Capitalist Restoration Inevitable?,”Links, no. 11(January-April 1999), 62-63.
注 20 Rene Ofreneo, “Changing Labor Markets in a Globalizing Asia: Challenges for Trade Unions,” Asian Labor Update, no. 45 (October-December 2002); Richard Smith, “Creative Destruction: Capitalist Development and China’s Environment,” New Left Review, no. 222 (March-April 1997): 6
注 21 R.Smith, “Creative Destruction,” 6.
注 22 China Admits Grim Unemployment Situation,” Times of India, April 29,2002
注 23 Gene H. Chang, “The Cause and Cure of China’s Widening Income Disparity,” China Economic Review 13,no. 4(2002) : 337.
注 24 Liu Yufan. “A Preliminary Report on China’s Capitalist Restoration.” Links, no. 21 (May-August 2002) 55.
注 25 Keith Bradsher, “China’s Car Culture Hits Some Potholes.” New York Times, January 11,2004; Craig S. Smith,” For China’s Wealthy, All But Fruited Plain,” New York Times, May 15.2002;Elisabeth Rosenthal,” North of Beijing, California Dreams Come True,” New York Times, February 3,2003.
注 26 Craig S. Smith, “China: Heroes of Capitalism,” New York Times, May 2,2002.
注 27 Malcolm Warner. “In the Red: China’s State-owned Enterprises at the Crossroads,” Asia Pacific Business Review 5, no.2 (Winter 1998) 224; Vanessa Lau, “Forgotten Generation,” Dollars and Sense (March-April 2000):12
注 28 V.Lau, “Forgotten Generation.” 12.
注 29 Margaret Maurer-Fazio and James Hughes, “The Effects of Market Liberalization on the Relative Earnings of Chinese Women,” Journal of Comparative Economics 30, no. 4(December 2002).
注 30 Joseph Kahn, “Ruse in Toyland: Chinese Workers’ Hidden Woe.” New York Times, December 7,2003; Smith, “Creative Destruction,” 7-9; Philip P. Pan, “Poisoned Bach into Poverty,” Washington Post, August 4.2002
注 31 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Harsh Chinese Reality Feeds a Black Market in Women,” New York Times, June 25,2001; Erik Eckholm, “Desire for Sons Drives Use of Prenatal Scan in China,” New York Times, June 21,2002.
注 32 Tim Pringle, “The Path of Globalization: Implications for Chinese Workers.” Asia Labor Update, no.41(October-December 2001).
注 33 Joseph Kahn, “Making Trinkets in China, and a Deadly Dust, “New York Times, June 18, 2003.
注 34 Joseph Kahn, “China’s Workers Risk Limbs in Export Drive,” New York Times, April 7,2003.
注 35 Lau, “Economic Determination in the Last Instance,” 234.
注 36 Smith, “Creative Destruction.” 10-11.
注 37 Pan, “Poisoned Back into Poverty.”
注 38 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Without ‘Barefoot Doctors,’ China’s Rural Families Suffer,” New York Times. March 14,2001,Al.
注 39 Cheng. “China: Is Capitalist Restoration Inevitable?,”61.
注 40 Ibid 61
注 41 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Blinded by Poverty: The Dark Side of Capitalism,” New York Times, November 21, 2000.
注 42 Ibid.
注 43 V.Lau, “Forgotten Generation,” 13-14; Pan. “Poisoned Back into Poverty.”
注 44 David Murphy, “The SARS Outbreak: A Shot in the Arm,” Far Eastern Economic Review, June 5,2003.
注 45 Jiang Xueqin, “Consuming Problem,” Far Eastern Economic Review, December 21,2000; Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Deadly Shadow Darkens Remote Chinese Village,” New York Times, May 28,2001.
注 46 Isabel Hilton, “Economic Liberalization Destroyed China’s Health Service-Now It Must Rely on Police, Not Doctors, to Fight Sars,” Guardian, May 22,2003.
注 47 V.Lau, “Forgotten Generation,” 39.
注 48 Ben Dolven and Trish Saywell. “Private Lessons,”Far Eastern Economic Review, January 8,2004.
注 49 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “School a Rare Luxury for Rural Chinese Girls,” New York Times, November 1,1999
注 50 Ibid.
注 51 Ibid.
注 52 Lee, “From Organized Dependence to Disorganized Despotism,”54.
注 53 “A Dragon Out of Puff,” The Economist, June 13.2002.
注 54 Kathy Wilhelm, “The Great Divide,” Far Eastern Economic Review, November 30,2000.
注 55 Cheng Yuk-shing, “Fleeing from the Asian Financial Crisis,” 267
注 56 Bertell Oilman, “The Question Is Not ‘When Will Capitalism Die?’ but ‘When Didlt Die, and What Should Our Reaction Be?’,” Nature, Society, and Thought 12, no.4 (October 1999), 474-475.
注 57 Ibid.,475.
注 58 Yufan, “A Preliminary Report on China’s Capitalist Restoration,” 55.
注 59 Cheng Yuk-shing, “Fleeing from the Asian Financial Crisis,” 269.
注 60 Ibid., 271.
注 61 Ibid.
注 62 Bonin and Huang, “Dealing with the Bad Loans of the Chinese Banks, 201.
注 63 Cheng Yuk-shine, “Fleeing from the Asian Financial Crisis” 272.
注 64 Ben Dolven, “The Danger of Blowing Bubbles,” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 25,2003.33.
注 65 Ibid.
注 66 Wall Street Journal, “China Warns Exporters to Shape Up,” March 18, 1999; Kathy Wilhelm,” China, Starting to Sizzle,” Far Eastern economic Review August 24,2000.
注 67 Stephen Roach, “China’s Economy-It’s the Real Thing,” South China Morning Post, February 26,2003.
注 68 Eva Cheng, “China: Sino-U.S. Trade Deal Will Cement Capitalist Restoration,” Green Left Weekly, no. 406. May 24,2000.
注 69 Yufan, “A Preliminary Report on China’s Capitalist Restoration,” 56.
注 70 Ibid., 57.
注 71 Ibid.
注 72 Ofreneo, Changing Labor Markets in a Globalizing Asia.”
注 73 Elizabeth Tang, “China and the WTO: A Trade Union View of Social Impacts & Workers Responses ’ Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions, May 2002, http://www.ihlo.org/item3/item3h.htm.
注 74 UNCTAD, Trade and Development Report 2002: Developing Countries in World Trade (New York: United Nations, 2002). 143.
注 75 Ibid., 149.
注 76 Yufan, “A Preliminary Report on China’s Capitalist Restoration,” 58.
注 77 Jackie Sheehan, Chinese Workers, A New History (New York: Routledge Press,1998), 187.
注 78 Ibid., 187-88.
注 79 Trini Leung, “The Third Wave of the Chinese Labor Movement in the Post-Mao Era,” China Labor Bulletin, June 2,2002.
注 80 Trini Leung Wing-yue, Smashing the Iron Rice Pot: Workers and Unions in China’s Market Socialism (Hong Kong: Asia Monitor Resource Center, 1988); Anita Chan, “Labor’s Long March: China’s Workers Rebel Against the New World Order,” In These Times, February 6, 1995.
注 81 R. Smith,“Creative Destruction,” 9.
注 82 Eric Eckholm, “Chinese Democracy Campaigners Push for Free Labor Unions.” New York Times, December 24, 1997.
注 83 Associated Press, “China’s New Threat: Army of Unemployment Creating Wave of Protests Across Nation,” Tribune-Star, Terre Haute. December 26, 1997.
注 84 Henry Chu, “Chinese Rulers Fear Angry Workers May Finally Unite,” Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1999.
注 85 Tim Pringle, “Industrial Unrest in China-Labor Movement in the Making?,” China Labor Bulletin, January 31,2002.
注 86 Ibid.
注 87 Leung, “The Third Wave.”
注 88 Tang, “China and the WTO.”
注 89 Leung, “The Third Wave.”
注 90 Ibid.
注 91 Chu, “Chinese Rulers Fear Angry Workers May Finally Unite.”
注 92 Craig S. Smith, “China’s Farmers Rebel Against Bureaucracy.” New York Times, September 17,2000,1.
注 93 Ibid.
注 94 “Troubled Sleep in Sichuan,” The Economist, July 26. 1997,35.
注 95 Ibid.
注 96 Associated Press, “China’s New Threat.”
注 97 Leung, “The Third Wave.”
注 98 Sophie Beach, “Tiananmen Plus Ten,” The Nation. June M, 1999, 7.
注 99 Erik Eckholm. “China: Crowd Control.” New York Times, November 25. 1999.
注 100 Chu, “Chinese Rulers Fear Angry Workers May Finally Unite.”
注 101 Erik Eckholm, “Chinese Officials Order Cities To Bolster Riot Police Forces.” New York Times, January 30, 2001.
注 102 Dong Xulin (董叙霖)0, “Looming Social Crises: China at a Cross Road,” paper presented at the Socialist Scholars Conference. New York, March 16, 2003.